HAP Important Questions Of D Pharmacy

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR YOUR FINAL EXAMS:-

Q1. What are joints/explain movable joint/what are synovial joint?Name any four items/classify joints and example.Name any two joint disorder

Q2. Explain the function of Liver

Q3. Describe pulmonary circulation

Q4. Define reflex action with neat labelled diagram reflex arc

Q5. Name the hormone secreted in pituitary gland & write their functions?

Q6. Explain the event of cardiac cycle?

Q7. Explain the mechanism of blood clotting/blood coagulation?

Q8. Describe the different parts of Eye with neat labelled diagram and explain mechanism/physiology of vision?

Q9. List the functions of skin?

Q10. Enmurate  functions of blood?

Q11. Draw neat labelled diagram of Ear.

Q12. Describe the mechanism/physiology/musscles involved in respiration?

Q13. Explain mechanism/physiology of respiration?

Q14. Draw neat labelled diagram of nephron

Q15. Explain anatomy of heart with neat labelled diagram?

Q16. Describe the power house of cell/structure & functions of mitochondria?

Q17. Draw neat labelled diagram of kidney

Q18. Define hypertension?

Q19. Explain the process of spermatogenesis?

Q20. What are the functions of medulla oblengata and cerebellum?

Q21. Write the difference between the sympathetic & parasympathetic system?

Q22. Write the structure and functions of pancreas?

Q23. Write a note on stomach with neat labelled diagram of stomach?

Q24. List the functions of thyroid gland?

Q25. Draw neat labelled diagram of neuron

Q26. Explain the structure of tooth with diagram?

Q27. Describe the diagram of different types of WBS'c/lympocytes and give their functions?

Q28. What is RH factor 

Q29. Write the composition & functions of saliva

 

                            Answers

Q1. What are joints? Explain movable joint water. Synovial joint? Name any four of them classified joints. With example name, any two joint disorders.

Answers:- Joints.

     The joint is the junction of two bones, regardless of actual movement permitted.

Classification of joints with examples.

a) Gliding joint:- Ex . Corpal & tarsel joint

b) Ball & socket joint:- Ex. Sholder & hip joint

c) Hinge joint:- Ex. Elbow & knee joint

d) Pivot joint:- Ex. Joint between head & atlas.

Disorder of joints:-  1] 'Arthritis'

      There are two types

i) Rheumatoid Arthritis

ii) Osteo Arthritis

2]Gout

3] Dislocation

Q2 explain the function of liver

Ans:- Secretion of bile

1. Hepatic cells secrete an alkaline fluid called bile.

2. it is composed of 90% water,bile salt,bile pigment, cholesterol & pigments.

3. Bile salts are helpful in digestion and absorption of fat,they reduce surface tension of fat and help in their emulsification.

4. RBC's are destroyed in liver and spleen.

5. The portal when carries the blood from digestive tract which contains glucose and amino acid.

6. It pores the blood into the liver.

Q3 Describe pulmonary circulation

Ans:-The heart consists of two chambers i.e

1. heart upper is called a artery

2. Lower heart is called ventricle

3. Each artery and ventricle

4. Appart from this it consist of wall

5. The superior and inferior part of vena cava opens into right atrium and collect deoxygenated blood from all body parts in the right atrium.

6. In between right atrium,right ventricle a wall is present we charge 3 cups

7. Which prevent the flow of blood

8. The blood from pulmonary atries goes to the lungs where exchange of gases take place and the blood becomes oxygenated and that oxygenated blood is carried by pulmonary veins and opens into left atrium.

9. The blood from left artery through bicuspid wall & mitart wall and enters into the left ventricle.

10. From left ventricle through avortic valve enters in aorta sub branches Provided to all body.

Q4 Describe reflex action with neat label diagram of reflex arc.

Ans:-Reflex action is the automatic motor response given by the spinal cord to the sensory stimulase without involving brain. Most of the reflex action are protective. In nature, reflex action or the Part of defense mechanism of the body.

Ex:-

1. The quick closing of Yield.If the eye is touched with any material.

2. Just add on withdrawal of the Hand.If the. finger touched something hand.

3. The quick recovery of the balance of the. Body to prevent falling.After a slip.

4. A sudden coughing attack if a dust particles are inhaled.

Q5. Name the harmone secreated in pitutary gland & write their functions.

 Ans:- Harmones secreated in pitutary gland.

1] In anterior Lobe:-

1. Growth Harmone(G.H)

2. Thyrotropic Harmone(T.S.H)

3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)

4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (F.S.H)

5. Lutinising Hormone(L.H) also named as ICSH in male

6. Lactogenic Hormone(Prolactin)

2] Posterior Lobe

1. Oxytocin

2. Antidiureatic Hormone (ADH)

3] Middle Lobe

                    1. Unknown Hormone

Functions of pituitary gland hormones:-

1)Growth Hormone :-

            It is stimulate growth directly & in conjunction with other hormone.

2) Thyrotropic Hormone :-

             It stimulates the cortex ofadernal gland too produce their hormones.

3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:-

             It controls growth and acivity of thyroid gland and it stimulates it`s secreations.

4) Follicle Stimulating Hormone:-

            In female,it stimulates the ovariun follicle to produce mature ovum.In male,it simulaes the formation of spermatoza.

5) Lutinising Hormone:-

              In female,it produces the carpus leuteum to produce progesteron.In male,it atimulates interstitial cells to produce testosteron.

6) Lactogenic Hormone:-

               It has direct effect to mammary gland & with with of hormone it stimulates mammary gland to secreates the milk.Itcauses expulsion of plancenta after delivery.

7) Oxytocin:-

                It promotecontion of uterine muscles dueing the birth of baby & helps lease of milk during breast.

8)Antidiureatic Hormone:-

                 It increses the water reabsorption by kidneys & pressor effect stimmulates involuntry muscle.

9) Unknown Hormone:-

                 It associated with growth & development of melanocytes which gives the skin it's colour.

 Q6. Explain the event of cardiac cycle.

Ans:- Conduction system in heart.

Conduction system in heart:-

         The event, which occurs in the heart during the circulation of blood, are known as the cardiac cycle.

Diastole:-

          Relaxation of heart(when potassium ion) from intracellular fluid enters into extracellular fluid. Causes repolarization, which leaves the Relaxation of heart.

i.e:- Diastole

Systole:-

         Contraction of heart is called as systole (When sodium ion and calcium ion) From extracellular fluid enters into Intracellular fluid causes depolarization, which lose to contraction of heart.

i.e:- Systole

Stroke volume:-

       The amount of blood injected. From heart and each contraction of heart is called as stroke volume.

         It is near about 70 ml

Cardiac output:-

       It is may be turn as minute volume.It is also rtake into condersation the & force of cardiac constraction.

Cardiac output=stroke vol. x heart rate

                            70ml x 72/min

Cardiac output=5040ml/min

Q7. Explain the Mechanism Of Blood Clotting/Blood Coagulation.

ANS:- Mechanism Of Blood Clootting/Blood Coagulation.

• When blood is shild it soon looses it's fluid & red colour

• Soft jelly like sticky mass is form this mass plugs the broken surface of blood veticells & avoids further loose of blood from the body.

• The soft mass thus,from is caused blood clot & the process of formation of blood clot is called of the blood or coagulation of the blood.

• The mechaniss of blood clotting is completed 'one' & involves many factors.

• The mechanism of can be briefly described as follows.

• Prothrombin+Calcium+Thromboplastin=Thrombin

   (Inactive)   (Plasent in   (From damaged     (Active)          Blood)              tissue cells)

                              

Thrombin + Fibrinogen  =  Fibrin

(Active)        (Inactive)     (Fine thread,

                                           Insoluble in protin)

Fibrin + Blood cells  =  Clot

Q8.Describe different parts of eye with neat label diagram and explain the Physiology/mechanism of vision.

Ans:- Eye is the organ of vision. Each eye has eyeball present in it.

1. Boney socket called orbit.

2. Eyeball consists of three layers.

3. It is about spherical in shape and about 2.5 cm in diameter.

4. Structurally the two separated but show other activities are co-ordinated. So that they functions as pair.

5. It is possible to see by one eye, but Third Vision is impaired when only one eye is used, especially in relation. To the judgment of distance.

i. The outer fibers layer. Sclera and Cornea.

ii. The middle vascular layer. i.e. Choroid,Ciliary body iris.

iii. Structure inside the eyeball lens, aqueous fluid, and vitreous body.

The inner nerve tissue layer retina.

Parts of eye:-

1. Sclera:- 

          After most fibers there, Central transparent part in Cornea over the exposed part these in Membrane called a conjuctive.

2. Choroids:- 

         i) It is the middle vascular coat,antitrial part is known as Iris, pupil. Is the central opening behind the cornea. 

       ii)It varies in size the iris continuous and fromCiliary body.

3. Retina:-

• It is innermost layer of the wall of eye.

• It extends upto choroids & partially continued as the optic nerve.

• The cavity of eyeball is divided into anterior and posterior compartments.

• By the lens and suspensory ligaments. Anterior compartment contains aqueous and posterior compartment. Contains vitreous body.

Q9. List out the functions of skin.

Ans:- Functions of skin

1. Skin protects the body from mechanical injury. Effect of chemical and also heat.

2. It is also prevents entry of microorganisms into the body.

3. Through sweat skin excreats some best product.

4. It helps in maintantance of body temperature.

5. Because of sebum excess, if apparition of the water through skin prevented.

6. Also, sebum does not allow bacterial growth on the surface of skin.

7. Skin can defeat the sensation of touch,pressure,temperature compounds.

8. It excreats salt water and organic compounds.

9. It synthesis of vitamin D in presence of UV rays.

10. Sebum secreted onblood sebaceous gland of the skin.

Q10. Enumerate the function of blood.

Ans:-

1. Transfer out of gases. That is oxygen & Carbon dioxide.

2. Transport of digested nutrient material to tissue.

3. Removal of West material.

4. Maintains of acid base and water balance.

5. Regulation of body temperature and blood pressure.

6. Transportation of hormones and vitamins.

7. Defensive agonist for foregin body.

8. Forming blood clots. To prevent excess blood loss.

9. Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.

10. Transporting ogygen & nutrient to the lungs &            tissue.

Q11. Neat labelled diagram of Ear

Q12. Describe the mechanism, Physiology and muscles involved in respiration.

Ans:- Mechanism of respiration.

1. It is a process which lungs are expended to take care in & the contract. Two expels it out.

2. The cycle of respiration consists of three phases. 

     i)Inspiration

     ii)Expiration

    iii)Pause.

3. After every per minute 16-17 cycles of each phases occour in normal adult.

4. The exploration of Chest. during inspiration occurs due to muscular activity of the respiratory muscles.

5. These muscle activity is partly voluntary and partly involuntary.

6. The main muscles of respiration in normal, quiet breathing are intercostal muscle.

                    Physiology of respiration.

• It flows along the track and bronchi to the alveoli where. It. Intimately. Comes in contact with blood in the pulmonary capillary.

• Through the Lola capillary membrane, oxygen passes occur and east taken off by the HB. Off rbcs.

• It is then carried to the breast and his pump arteries. For circulation to all parts of the body.

• Simultaneously. carbon dioxide, which is the waste product of the metabolism pause. Hawkers the membrane from the blood capillary to the alveoli.

• From Alveoli. if causes. Through the Branchiods and trachea. and it is breathed. Out through the nose and mouth.

• The process of taking air. In that is inspiration and throwing it out. That is exploration are controlled by respiratory center in the brain.

• The center is sensitive to amount of oxygen of carbon dioxide. Present in the blood.

Role of intercostal muscle.

• There are 11 pairs of muscle called intercostal muscles, which occupy the space between the ribs.

• These are arranged into layers that is external intercostal muscles. That extends downward and forward and internal intercostal muscle. That extend downward and backward.

• The first pair of ribs is fixed ends when. Intercostal muscle contract. The other pair of ribs are folder towards first trip.

• Because of the shape of the rapes, they move outward when they are pulled upward in this way throat cavity Anterior, posterior and laterally.

Q13. Explain mechanism Physiology of respiration.

Ans:- Mechanism of respiration

1. It is a process which lungs are expended to take care in & the contract. Two expels it out.

2. The cycle of respiration consists of three phases.

   i)Inspiration

   ii)Expiration

   iii)Pause.

3. After every per minute 16-17 cycles of each phases occour in normal adult.

4. The exploration of Chest. During inspiration occurs due to muscular activity of the respiratory muscles.

5. These muscle activity is partly voluntary and partly involuntary.

6. The main muscles of respiration in normal, quiet breathing are intercostal muscle.

                            Physiology of respiration.

• It flows along the track and bronchi to the alveoli where. It. Intimately. Comes in contact with blood in the pulmonary capillary.

• Through the Lola capillary membrane, oxygen passes occur and east taken off by the HB. Off rbcs.

• It is then carried to the breast and his pump arteries. For circulation to all parts of the body.

• Simultaneously. Carbon dioxide, which is the waste product of the metabolism pause. Hawkers the membrane from the blood capillary to the alveoli.

• From Alveoli. If causes. Through the Branchiods and trachea. And it is breathed. Out through the nose and mouth.

• The process of taking air. In that is inspiration and throwing it out. That is exploration are controlled by respiratory center in the brain.

• The center is sensitive to amount of oxygen of carbon dioxide. Present in the blood.

Q14. Draw neat labelled diagram of nephron

Q15. Explain anatomy. of heart with neat label diagram.

Ans:- Anatomy of heart.

                  Heart is relatively small in size. The size same as our closed fist.

1) It is 12 cm long,9 cm width and 6 cm thick. It weighs. 250 gm in adult female & 300 gm in male.

2) Rest all diagram near the midline of thoracic cavity.

3) It lies in middle story and anatomical position that extends from sternum to vertebral column.

4) That is from first rib to diagram between the lungs.

5) The pointed affect of the heart is resting diagram and base of heart is present on its posterior surface.

Q16. Describe the powerhouse of the cell and structure and function of mitochondria.

Ans:- Mitochondria

1) Mitochondria are called as powerhouse of the cell. Because it is principle of producing of ATP in Arabic cell.

2) Heart occurs in size of 0.5 to 0.7 mm.

3) It is made up of protein.

4) Inner mitochondrial membrane has a series of fold called cristae

5) Large center fluid filled cavity called as matrix.

6) Creistae provide large surface are for chemical reaction involved in cellular respiration which produce ATP.

7) Cristae contains oxygen homes, means oxygen bearing body.

Functions of mitochondria.

1) It is the powerhouse of the cell because it carries conversion, transfer of cellular energy.

2) It performs synthesis, storage and release of ATP molecules for a cellular activities.

3) It is mainly carries cellular oxidation because of oxyoxyzomes

Q17. Draw neat labelled diagram of kidney

Q18. Define hypertension.

Ans:- Hypertension.

              It is the increase in the blood pressure more than normal. That is more 120/80 Hg/mg. Is called as hypertension.

Q19.Explain the process of spermatogenesis.

Ans:-  It is the process by which male primary germ cell undergoes meiosis and produce a number of cell termed. Spermatogonia from the each primary spermatogonia are derived each primary spermatocytes divides into two secondary spermatocytes and each secondary spermatocyte. Into two spermatid or young spermatozoa. These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells. Spermatozoa are the mature male gametes in many sexually reproducing Organism. In my male with talkers in the male testis & epididymis is. In a stepwise fashion and. For humans takes. Approximately 64 days. Spermatogenesis is highly development upon optimal conditions for the process to occour correctly and essential for sexual reproduction.

Q20. What are the functions of medal oblongata and cerebellum?

Ans:- Functions of medulla oblongata.

1) The cardiac center controls the rate and force of cardiac contraction. When impulse are carried from cardiac center to heart, the halt activates, increase and maintainsmaintains contractily

2) The Respiratory center controls the rate and depth of respiration.

3) The Wausau Meter Center control the caliber of the blood vessels.

4) Reflex centres protect the body. From uneven situation.

Functions of cerebellum.

1) It is responsible for voluntary muscular movement and balance.

2) It coordinates activities associated with the maintenance of balance and equilibrium.

3) It coordinates the movement of muscle.

4) To keep muscle in a normal state of tension.

Q21. Difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic

Q22. Write structure and function of pancreas.

Ans:- Functions of pancreas.

1) It produces pancreatic juice enzyme are present in pancreatic juice, and they digest the food Stuff.

2) Glucagon and insulin regulates the blood blue coach level.

3) It is a pale grey colour gland stimulated in epigastric region.

4) Pancreas also containscells which forms islet of langerhans.

5) The secrets, the hormones, insulin and Glucagon.

6) Secretion enters bloodstream directly.

7) It is in glucose metabolism and the enzyme form pancreatic juice are involved in metabolism of peptide and polypeptide.

Q23. Note on diagram in stomach structure and function of stomach.

Ans:-

1) It ‘J’ shaped bag. It has two curvature greater and lesser.

2) The part of stomach above the cardiac orifice is called fundus.

3) The main part is the body and the lower part is pyloric antrum.

4) The pylorics symptom’s guard opening between stomach and duodenum.

5) The muscular layer in the stomach is very strong and perform. Peristaltic movement

6) The gastric juice consist of mineral salt, HCL mucus, enzyme water like pepsinogen and rain in.

Functions of stomach.

1) It act as temporary reservoir of food.

2) It produces gastric juice which contain water, mineral, salt, HCL mucus and enzymes.

3) The mucus in gastric juice prevents mechanical injury to stomach wall.

4) It also prevents chemical injury.

5) Absorption takes place to small extextend.

Q24. List the function of thyroid gland.

Ans:- Functions of thyroid gland.

1) These are essential for mental and physical growth for healthy skin and hair for nervous stability and form controlling. Basal metabolic rate.

2) They Influence generally oxidation rate in the body.

3) Thyroid hormones stimulates metabolism. These increases. Basic metabolic rate.

4) It regulates tissue growth.

Q25. Draw neat labelled diagram of neuron.

Q26. Explain the structure of tooth with diagram.

Ans:-

• The teeth are accessory digestive organ located in socket of the alvolar process of mondible & maxizal.

• The alveolar process are covered by gums which extend slightly into each socket.

• The socket are lined by periodontal ligament. a typical tooth has three major external region at i.e. crown,root and neck.

• The Crown is the visible portion above the level of neck.

• The Crown projects above gum Neck is surrounded by the gum. And root lies beneath it.

• Tooth is made up of very hard material called dentin.

• In the central part of the structure. Pulp cavity is present which contains connective tissue,blood vessel &nerves.

• The crown is covered with enamel, which is much harder than dentin.

Q26. Describe the diagram of different types of WBS'c (leucocytes) & give their functions.

Ans:- 

Q28. What is RH factor

Ans:-RH protein that can be found on the surface of red blood cells.If your blood cells. Have this protein you are RH positive. If you are blood cells are do not have protein. You are RH negative ave this protein you are RH positive. If you are blood cells are do not have protein. You are RH negative.

During pregnancy, problems can occur if you are RH negative and. Your fetus is During pregnancy, problems can occur if you are RH negative and. Your fetus is RH positive.

Q29. Write the composition and functions of saliva

Ans:-  Composition and functions of saliva.

• It contains 99.5 % water and. 0.5% solutes.

• The solutes are are iron includes sodium, potassium chloride and phosphate bicarbonate.

• It also contains enzyme such as lysosomes & salivary amylose

• The Water in saliva provides a media for dissolving the food.

• Salivary amylase helps. In breakdown of starch in mouth.

• Salvia is slightly acidic, having pH 6.35 to 6.85.

• Salivary gland helps to remove the waste molecule from the body.

• It clean teeth & mouth.